On Mount Prasravana, frogs croak and the clouds boom like drums. No one travels on the rain-beaten roads. When the rains began, Rama told Sugriva, “The rains last four months. When they end, do your best against Ravana. That is our agreement.”
At night the moon rises, and Rama cannot sleep for missing Sita. “Wait for autumn,” says Lakshmana. Rama says, “I will wait for autumn, and for Sugriva’s kindness. A friend who was helped must help in return.” “He will,” says Lakshmana, “and soon.”
The four months of rain have passed. Now it is autumn, and the sky is clear. But Sugriva stays in his palace with music, garlands and ease. He leaves the work to his ministers, his helpers, and does not see the days slip by.
Hanuman, Sugriva’s wise helper, goes to him. “You have your kingdom back. Now help your friend. Rama helped you first. He has not said a word to you, because he trusts your promise. It is time to search for Sita.”
“Send us!” says Hanuman. “We can go anywhere: under the earth, into the water, up in the sky.” Sugriva tells Nila, a leader of his army, to call all the vanaras together. Then he goes back inside his palace.
Up on the mountain, Rama sees the clear autumn sky. The cranes are calling. “Sita loved their calls,” he says. “Her voice was like theirs. Four months of rain have passed, and to me they were like a hundred years.”
Lakshmana comes back from looking for fruit and finds Rama sad and alone. Rama says, “Now kings set out on their journeys, but I see no sign of Sugriva. He has forgotten his word. Go to Kishkindha, and tell him: keep your promise.”
Lakshmana is angry, and he takes up his bow. But Rama says, “The bravest man is the one who calms his own anger. Remember our friendship. Speak to him gently. His only fault is that he lost track of the time.”
Lakshmana strides to Kishkindha, holding his anger in. The vanaras at the gate see his face and hurry away. Angada carries his message inside: “Lakshmana is at the gate.” But Sugriva is so sleepy that he does not understand.
The vanaras shout like thunder, and Sugriva wakes up with his garlands all crooked. “I have done them no wrong. Why is Lakshmana angry?” he asks. Hanuman says, “Autumn is here, and you lost track of time. Join your palms and ask his pardon.”
Lakshmana walks into Kishkindha, a city in a great cave, bright with jewels. He passes seven courtyards and hears music. At Sugriva’s door he hears the palace ladies’ anklets jingle, and he is too polite to go in. Twang! He plucks his bowstring.
Sugriva jumps up. “Tara,” he says, “Lakshmana is gentle by nature. Go to him. He will be kind to you.” Tara, Angada’s mother, goes to the door. Lakshmana looks down politely. “Prince,” she asks, “why are you angry?”
Lakshmana says, “Sugriva agreed to begin when the rains were over. They are over, and he has not even noticed.” Tara says, “This is not the time for anger. He has already sent for the vanaras. They are coming in millions! Please come in.”
Sugriva sits on a golden seat. He gets up so fast that he wobbles like a festival flagpole, and comes with joined palms. Lakshmana says, “A good king keeps his word to friends who helped him. Is the search for Sita not your duty?”
Tara says, “Do not speak to him like this. Sugriva has not forgotten what Rama did for him. Today millions of bears and vanaras will come, bright as torches.” Lakshmana is gentle by nature, and he agrees with her.
Sugriva tears off his garland, and now his mind is clear. “All I have, Rama gave me. His one arrow went through seven trees, a mountain and the earth! If I have done wrong, forgive me. No one is without fault.”
Lakshmana is pleased. “You keep your word, my friend. Come with me, and cheer up Rama. And forgive me too. Rama was sad, so I spoke hard words.”
Sugriva tells Hanuman, “I sent fast vanaras before. Send more to hurry them. Call the vanaras of every mountain, the slow ones too!” Messengers leap into the sky. They bring back fruits from the snowy Himalaya mountains. One bite keeps you full for a month!
Sugriva and Lakshmana ride to Rama in a golden palanquin, under a white umbrella, while conches blow and drums beat. Sugriva bows his head to Rama’s feet. Rama lifts him up and hugs him tight.
Sugriva sits on the ground, and Rama says, “A king who only plays is like someone asleep in a treetop. He wakes only when he falls!” Sugriva says, “Your kindness gave me back all I lost.” Rama’s eyes open wide with joy, like blue lotuses.
Dust hides the sun, and the earth shakes. Vanaras crowd round Sugriva like clouds round the sun: Jambavan with his bears, Angada, Hanuman and many more. Rama says to Sugriva, “First find out if Sita lives, and where Ravana lives. You lead, my friend.”
Sugriva sends one group east, towards golden Mount Sunrise. Angada leads the south group, with Hanuman and Jambavan, all the way to the southern ocean. One group goes west to the sea, and one north to the snowy Himalayas. “Come back within a month!”
Sugriva turns to Hanuman. “Nothing can stop you, on land, in the sky or in the sea. You are as quick as your father, the Wind. You will find a way to Sita.” Rama sees how sure Sugriva is, and his heart is glad.
Rama gives Hanuman his ring, with Rama’s own name on it. “When Sita sees this, she will know that you come from me,” he says. Now Hanuman is Rama’s messenger.
Hanuman puts the ring on his head and bows at Rama’s feet. Then he leaps into the sky with the vanaras, like the moon among the stars. “Hanuman, I trust you!” Rama calls after him. Now the search for Sita begins.
For grown-ups
Where this story comes from
This story is from the Valmiki Ramayana, Kishkindha Kanda, sargas 27–44: the rains on Mount Prasravana, Sugriva’s delay, Hanuman’s reminder, Lakshmana’s visit to Kishkindha and Tara’s words to him, the gathering of the vanaras, the sending of the four search groups, and Rama’s ring. Page 1 also tells the agreement that Rama made with Sugriva at the end of sarga 26, as he sent Sugriva to be crowned. The sarga numbers are those of the Gita Press (Gorakhpur) edition. The verse numbers here follow the English translation by Desiraju Hanumanta Rao on valmikiramayan.net. They can differ by a few verses in the Gita Press text. It is a faithful simplification. We shortened and left out parts, and we name them below. We did not add events, and we did not change anyone’s reasons. The words people say are a plain rendering of the translation, not a word-for-word quotation. Six lines need a note.
1. Why Sugriva waited, and the agreement (pages 1, 3 and 13). Rama himself set the wait. As he sent Sugriva to be crowned, he says that the four months of the rainy season have begun and that “this is not a time for any striving” (26.14–15). In the month of Kartika, about October, after the rains, Sugriva is to do his best against Ravana: “this is our covenant” (26.17–18a). Valmiki calls it an accord (27.5–6). In the rains the roads are battered (28.16), and the vanaras stay in one place (28.27). Sugriva accepted it: Rama says Sugriva “computed the time … and entered into a treaty with me” and promised “to get back after rainy season” (30.69, 30.78), and Lakshmana says Sugriva set the four months himself (33.45). So the wait was not Sugriva’s fault; missing its end was. Rama says so: “his sin is no more than flouting the timeframe” (31.8).
2. “Music, garlands and ease” (pages 3, 9 and 10). Valmiki says it plainly. Sugriva gave himself to the women of the palace and to drink, and left the kingdom to his ministers (29.1–8; 30.79; 31.22, 31.38; 33.22–25; 34.5). Tara herself was unsteady with drink when she met Lakshmana (33.38, 33.40, 33.58). Tara defended him: those who give way to pleasure lose track of time, and even the sage Vishvamitra once thought ten years were one day (33.54–57; 35.6–9). Rama’s teaching on page 20 continues: a king divides his time among dharma, artha and kama — duty, wealth and pleasure (38.20b–23a). The book says “music, garlands and ease” and “so sleepy”.
3. Tara’s place (page 12). After Vali’s death, Tara lives in Sugriva’s palace as one of his queens (29.4; 35.5: “Ruma and me as well”). The book calls her Angada’s mother.
4. “He has already sent for the vanaras” (page 13). Hanuman’s first reminder worked in part. Sugriva did send Nila to gather the army (29.29–33), and that is why Tara can say the vanaras are coming (33.59–60). The translation says Sugriva ordered it “long before” (33.59); the page says “already”, because page 5 shows the order only a short time earlier.
5. “Now Hanuman is Rama’s messenger” (page 24). These are our words. Valmiki says Rama gave the ring so that Sita would know Hanuman came from him (44.12–13). The first book told how Rama praised Hanuman as a messenger (3.26–35).
6. Sarga 27. The translation on valmikiramayan.net notes that the critical edition has 23 verses of sarga 27, where the traditional text has 48. The Gita Press text has them all. We did not check which verses the critical edition leaves out; page 2 uses 27.31–47.
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Three things this telling leaves out, and why
- The island in the south (41.23b–25). Sugriva tells the south group that beyond Mount Mahendra lies a great island, the home of Ravana, and that Sita should be searched for “especially there”. The book stops at the southern ocean, so that the next book tells the discovery as Valmiki does.
- Rama’s angry message (30.70–84). Rama’s message to Sugriva calls him foolish and warns that the path Vali went by is still open; he threatens to kill Sugriva with his kin if he breaks his word. Then Rama tells Lakshmana to speak gently (31.6–8). The book keeps “keep your promise” (30.81a) and Rama’s gentle order.
- Lakshmana’s anger (31.3–4, 31.15, 31.29–31, 34.9–19). Lakshmana says he will kill Sugriva and let Angada lead the search; on the road he smashes trees and rocks; at the palace he speaks of the sins of a promise-breaker and warns Sugriva of Rama’s arrows. As the commission asked, his anger stays in words on the pages: two hard sentences (34.7–8, 34.14) and one twang of the bowstring (33.26).
- Rama’s grief (30.3, 30.12, 30.54–58, 30.66–68). In autumn Rama faints for a moment, speaks of the love-god and of his longing, and fears that Sugriva scorns him. The book keeps his sleepless night, the cranes and the hundred years.
- Deadlines and punishments (29.32, 37.12, 40.70). Sugriva orders that any vanara who comes late, or stays out longer than a month, will be put to death. The book keeps the month (40.69, 41.47).
- Fear (31.18–20, 37.19). The vanaras at the gate take up trees and rocks, and then run in fear; the far vanaras come out of fear of Sugriva. The book says they “hurry away”.
- Tara’s other words (35.15–18, 35.23). Tara says Ravana has armies beyond counting, as Vali used to say, and that the women of the palace are afraid after Vali’s death.
- Far places (40–43). Sugriva describes the four quarters at length: rivers and kingdoms across India, golden mountains, the milk ocean, and the lands of the north beyond Kailash. The book keeps Mount Sunrise, the snowy Himalayas and the southern ocean. It leaves out the demons that fall into the sea each sunrise (40.42–43), the demoness Angaraka who catches flying creatures by their shadows (41.26), and the dark city of Yama at the end of the south (41.45).
- Names left out. Ruma, Sugriva’s wife (33.66), is not named, as in the second book. Sugriva’s ministers Plaksha and Prabhava (31.42–51) are left out; Hanuman’s advice carries the same counsel. Kesari, Hanuman’s father on earth (39.17), is left out, because the first book told only that Hanuman is the son of the Wind. The leaders of the other three groups — Vinata (east), Sushena, Tara’s father (west), and Shatabali (north) — are not named. Two more vanaras named Tara (39.16, 39.31) are left out, so that a child does not meet three Taras.
- Rama’s rain poem (28). Sarga 28 is Rama’s long poem on the rains: clouds, peacocks, elephants, frogs, and Bharata keeping his four-month vow in Ayodhya (28.55). The book keeps the frogs and the flooded roads.
Page 1 joins 26.14–18a, 27.1–6, 28.16 and 28.36; Rama’s praise of the mountain, its river and its trees (27.7–28) is left out. Page 2 joins 27.29–47; Lakshmana’s longer encouragement (27.34–40) is one line. Page 3 tells 29.1–8. Pages 4–5 tell 29.9–33. Pages 6–7 tell 30.1–85; Rama’s long description of autumn (30.22–63) is one line. Page 8 tells 31.1–8. Page 9 joins 31.9–38. Page 10 joins 31.39–51 and 32.1–22. Page 11 joins 33.1–27; the mansions of twenty vanara chiefs (33.9–13) and the palace of Sugriva (33.14–18) are left out. Pages 12–13 tell 33.28–62; Lakshmana’s fuller answer to Tara (33.43–49) and her fuller reply (33.50–58) are shortened. Page 14 joins 33.63–34.19. Page 15 joins 35.1–23 and 36.1. Page 16 tells 36.2–11; Sugriva also says that Rama hardly needs helpers and that he will only follow him (36.7–10). Page 17 tells 36.12–20. Page 18 tells 37; the vanaras arrive from the mountains in vast numbers (37.19–26). Page 19 joins 38.1–19a; Sugriva first sends the messengers home and says goodbye to Tara (38.1–7). Page 20 tells 38.19b–34; Sugriva also counts the armies on the way (38.27–33). Page 21 joins 39.1–44 and 40.1–15; Rama first thanks Sugriva (39.1–7); Valmiki names more than twenty chiefs as they arrive (39.14–39), and Sugriva tells Rama who is who (39.43). Page 22 joins 40–43. Pages 23–25 tell 44.
The question children ask here
“Why didn’t Rama go and look for Sita himself during the rains?” Valmiki tells it this way:
- Rama himself said that the four months of rain were “not a time for any striving” (26.14–15). The roads were battered by rain (28.16), and the vanaras stayed in one place (28.27).
- Lakshmana told him to wait for autumn, and Rama agreed (27.39, 27.44).
- When autumn came, the vanaras could go everywhere at once. Rama told Sugriva, “You are the master of this task” (40.13), and Sugriva sent groups to all four quarters (40–43).
“In the rains no one could travel on the roads, so everyone waited. When the rains ended, the vanaras could look everywhere at once.”
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